Hamlet Soliloquy Act 1, Scene 2 Essay - 894 Words

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The Quintessential Guide to Easy Essay Samples

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International Marketing Tactics Followed by the Perfume Shop

Question: Discusses the international marketing strategies applied by The perfume shop for achieving the expansion and the objectives, along with a brief review of the Indian perfume market scenario. Answer: 1.0 Introduction Brands and products that are created in one country are readily accepted in other countries unenthusiastically. The reason is the international marketing strategies applied by the companies for huge marketing and spreading awareness about the product among the users. One such company is The Perfume Shop. It plans to expand its business in India in association with the Indian business giants. This study discusses the international marketing strategies applied by The perfume shop for achieving the expansion and the objectives, along with a brief review of the Indian perfume market scenario. 2.0 Background of the company The Perfume Shop is a perfume retailer established in United Kingdom in 1992. In 2005 the company was acquired by the largest beauty and health retailer of the world, A.S Watson group. By 2014 it had 263 locations in the world. The distribution of the company has seen many changes over the time as the trade expanded from smaller shops to big retail giants, an finally expanding worldwide. Online trading was started in 2004 by the company, which has now expanded to fully fledged e-commerce teams. The real success was hit by The perfume shop in 2010 after it introduced shop in shop concept in Superdrug stores. The project proved to be a big hit after it was trialed in 11 stores initially. The company launched its own loyalty card scheme named reward club. The scheme was helpful in getting more information about the customers, and enabled the customization of offers accordingly. In 2012 store to door service was started making the availability of the product more customers friendly. By 2 014, The perfume shop was placed third time among the top 100 best companies to work with. Now the company is looking forward to an expansion in India, and spread its business through appropriate strategy implementation (www.theperfumeshop.com). 3.0 Proposal The Perfume shop plans to enter the Indian market through joint venture arrangements. The ventures would be with Westside, which is a retail arm of the TATA group. The retail operation of the company is via the Superdrug stores in United Kingdom. A joint venture is also planned with the E-commerce giant Myntra, which has been undertaken by Flip kart. 4.0 Perfume industry in India The estimation of the Indian fragrance industry is estimated to be of around $ 20 Billion, which constitutes to 10% of the fragrance industry worldwide, which is $ 2000 Million. The population which have potential customer base makes around 17.8% of the total count (www.fafai.org). More than 35% of the Indian population makes the young count and among them more than half of the population has got disposable income. By 2030 the expected rise in the count of working people is 75%. Indian market have got enough potential for foreign expansion to happen, as it have got immense proportions in the market that proves to be profitable in sectors like fast moving consumer goods. India is also a gateway to other developing countries, like those in East Africa and Middle East. The East Asian markets can be well accessed through India, which also a major searching ground for the suppliers. As the worlds largest democracy, India is a politically stable since it got independence in 1947. The free market model adoption by the country gave valuable returns to the companies investing there (www.ibef.org). India also offers low cost manufacturing and an outsourcing base for carrying out production or outsourcing parts and services for giving a competition in the current market. A huge pool of talented professionals and skilled as well as unskilled labor for developing a competitive edge in the market is present in India. 5.0 Literature review 5.1 Marketing mix strategy The crucial stage of any market strategy planning is the construction of the marketing mix. The objectives for marketing and the long term goals of the company decide how the marketing mix has to be built and implemented (Zeybek, 2013). Not only from the point of view of the organization, the marketing mix of any company hugely depends on the structure of the target market as well as the different condition that affects market. The various internal along with external factors that have a direct interference with the market functioning, have crucial role in the strategy built up of marketing. Figure 1: The 4Ps of Marketing (Source: Yang et al. 2013) Marketing mix is comprised of four Ps, that segregates each of the factors, that has to be kept in mind for planning a perfect strategy for a product (Khan, 2011, pg-94). The application of the 4Ps varies from company to company. However, here the implementation of the mix by The perfume shop will be assessed. Product: the product offered by any company is not limited to only the tangibility. The product can be non-tangible as well, which we more precisely refer as a service (Vos, 2013). Any product can have three segmentation in it that is the core product, the second one is the actual product and the third segment is concludes with augmented product. The core product represents the thing that is bought by the consumer, where as the features of the products make the actual product. Augmented product makes the part that proves to beneficial to the consumers. The Perfume Shop provides tangible product, which contains the core product that the consumers are buying, the actual product is the brand value of The perfume shop, the quality that it offers and augmented product is the after sales service by the company. Price: The price of a product is the main deciding factor of profits that the company will make. Pricing effects the complete process of distribution as it is directly linked to the supply and demand of the product. High price of any product has to face consumer switching to other brands, however value for money concept is not applied in all product category. The pricing strategy applied for any particular product depends on lots of factors including the internal and Among the various modes of pricing The perfume shop applies price skimming method, as the price of the product is set high. Price skimming involves high pricing of the product and lowering the cost later as per the market circumstances and requirement (Siddiqi, 2013). Place: the place of the product here indicates that where and how the product is going to be available for the customers. The perfume shop plans to expand in India via joint ventures with the Westside. It is one of the premium retail brands in India, which has separate sections for the variety of merchandise. Distribution of the product will be done by the Westside itself. An intensive distribution strategy by TATA will help in better availability of product throughout the country. Apart from this Myntra is the online shopping partner of The perfume shop which will enable online availability of the product. Promotion: promotion of the brand will help in building a high value presence through advertisement campaigning via television, social media, newspapers, radio, and posters (Sheth, 2011). Another strategy is sponsoring sports teams like Mumbai Indians in IPL matches through logo, sponsoring Bollywood and fashion shows by top Indian designers. Application software development for customers for anytime access and utilization of TPS card will directly approach the customers. 5.2 SWOT analysis The SWOT analysis by The perfume shop will give an insight of the marketing environment of India, and what are the situations that are favorable or unfavorable for the expansion by The perfume shop (Miller and Mills, 2012). The analysis explains the strengths of the brand which it can use for establishing feet hold in India, the opportunities include the economic, political, social environment factors which would prove beneficial for The perfume shop. Weakness indicates towards the areas which are to be concentrated on for avoiding any hindrances in the expansion by the company. And threats are the possible hindrances in India that the company has to be aware about and can cause negative impact in the establishment. This portfolio building strategy helps in the internal environment analysis and also gives an over view of the external business environment (Schertler and Tykvov, 2011). Figure 3: SWOT analysis of The perfume shop (Source: Melnyk et al. 2012) 5.3 Internationalization process by The Perfume Shop: Internationalization is practices by the companies for making its products or services adaptable to the conditions and population of the respective countries (Lee and Carter, 2011). There are many types of internationalization process followed by companies worldwide. These include: Export-based internationalisation Non-equity based internationalization Equity-based internationalisation However, The perfume shop follows the Equity based internationalization method. Joint venture is a kind of a equity based strategy. Following the strategy will give relief to The perfume shop for bearing the cost and risk of loss in a foreign market. The venture firm is responsible for taking the risks and the costs. In this case the Westside chosen by The perfume shop for that particular market, receives all kind of support, promotion and marketing from the company itself for building a better product experience for the consumers. The global recognition of The perfume shop has made it a dependable brand for the companies getting into ventures. However, this internationalization method tends to build the presence of the company more global, which in turn contributes to development of the brand globally (Jolivot, 2008). The preference to equity system results in much more cheaper expansion in context of overseas, as the companies in the joint ventures are suppose to be more familiar w ith the culture of the respective country. Foreign joint ventures have lots in common with the licensing strategy, though the major difference is that in a joint venture, The perfume shop has an equity position and a management voice in the Indian firm, which is Westside here, the retail arm of TATA. The partnership in between the host and home country firm will be formed. This agreement will give a control over the operations and access to local market knowledge to The perfume shop. It will have access to the relationship networks and is very minimally exposed to risk expropriations. But, along with the advantages there is certain negative perspective of the internationalization process. The formation of ventures can give a cost cutting advantage to the perfume shop but the control over the quality of the product will not be there (Johanson, 2012). The quality factor may vary from country to country. Apart from this it does not allow the transfers of profit from one country to raise the profit of other country. Other common issue can be a tiff within the organizations, which The perfume shop might have to be alert about. 5.4 The GMS model According to Granleese (2014), for looking into the global marketing strategy of a firm from all the possible directions and angles three dimensions should be taken into consideration. The GMS model explains the extent to which the firm globalizes its marketing strategies in various nations through the standardizing variables of marketing mix, concentrating and coordinating the activities of marketing and integrating competitive moves across the global markets. The global marketing strategy is not only beneficial financially but also strategically. Figure 4: The GMS model (Source: Eckman et al.2015) In view of Chikweche (2013), the standardization perspective follows the basic logic of scaling economies, including low-cost and simplification ultimately leading to the efficiency, consistency, and idea transfer of the firm, whereas configuration-coordination perspective gives comparative advantage, interdependency and specialization which leads to efficiency and synergies as well. Integration perspective have got the basic logic of cross subsidization along with competitive dislocation and rationalization which increases the effectiveness in the competition and give competitive leverage over other products in the global market (Styles and Wilkinson, 2012). 6.0 Expansion Strategies in India The perfume shop is implementing various strategies for entering India and getting established in the market. First strategy is partnership with Indian global company and secondly establishing a brand presence with high value. the joint venture strategy will provide the perfume shop with opportunity to gain new capacity and expertise and allows the company to enter the related businesses as well as the new geographic areas and learn new developments in technology (Budde-Sung, 2011). Joint venture will give the company access to more and more resources, which includes workforce in the form of specialized staff and technology. The risk factor will get shared with the venture partner, which is Westside. This joint venture can be flexible as well, if it includes limitation in the life span and coverage of the part done by the company, which limits the degree of commitment and the exposure of business, offering an innovative way of exiting from the non-core businesses. Company can gradual ly separate the business from the rest of the organization and eventually also sell it to the other company involved in the joint venture (Cavusgil and Cavusgil, 2012). The business expansion by The perfume shop will reap huge benefits for the company. The company will have an expanded customer base, which will raise huge financial benefits for the firm. Expansion gives access to larger talent pool as it will give greater access to qualified professionals, skilled workforce. The technological advancements and updates is easily accessible as well. Creating a brand presence will add value to the product, giving it an edge in the global competitive market. As said by Casillas and Acedo, 2013), brand awareness is indirectly related to the raising of return on investment as the ultimate motive of profit maximization will be achieved by the company. 7.0 Analysis of the study Indian retail industry is developing in a full pace with the entry of numerous international luxury brands. Statistically India has been ranked as the most brand conscious country after Hong Kong and Paris. Indias total retail market is estimated to be $160 billion which covers more than 8 million consumers. Among them more than 50% of the consumers prefer to shop from the luxury brand segment of the retail outlet. Westside is one of the leading premium retail brands which have gained high consumer preference over the years. The perfume shop in association with Westside has huge scope of profitable expansion in India not only for the brand value of Westside but also due to the appropriate implementation of global marketing strategy (Arndt et al. 2012). The analysis of the business environment, both internal and external indicates towards the areas of concentration and the advantages that the company has got over the competitive brands. Joint venture with Myntra made the scope of merc handise availability and directly contact with the buyers. The favorable market situation in India calls for market entries by foreign companies and invest in its luxury goods market. With the current situation, the retail industry seems to develop rapidly which might indicate, that switching to a franchising system would not be a bad approach. 8.0 Recommendations Networking for trusted resources is important, which involves the main objective of creating brand awareness.Socializing site and websites known to population are more dependable modes of networking in the global market Overcoming the language and cultural barriers is very crucial, as business cannot be run in absence of good communication flow. India offers a variety in languages and cultures; however the majority of the population is aware of the globally spoken language English A robust risk management strategy should be implemented for a more diverse international footprint and greater autonomy. A robust risk system will provide early warning of problems on the periphery of the company, which will give more time for reaction. Gradually the transition should be made from investment to profitability by The perfume shop. This can be achieved by focusing on the process, considering the derived economy of scale and detailed tax planning The internal environment of the organization plays a vital role in making a successful establishment. The internal working and operation will decide the efficiency in the performance of The perfume shop in the initial phases of setting up and will continue till the company operates in India. The perfume shop should choose very carefully the strategies which they already have and among them what all can be applied in the new country. Analyzing the external environment of business well will give a clear view on the various factors that might affect the business or will help in better brand awareness in India. The perfume shop should rethink its organizational design for getting a superior local autonomy. Leveraging the global resources will enhance the required expertise for making the venture a success 9.0 Conclusion The study gives me a clear understanding of the various international marketing concepts and strategies. The expansion by The perfume shop in India demands many strategic approaches which would beneficial in creating foothold by the company. The report enhances my knowledge on the concept of joint ventures and the reason of this strategy being chosen by majority of the luxury brands while investing in the Indian retail industry. I have understood the importance of creating a brand image and increasing brand image in the target global market and how it is connected to financial and strategic benefit of The perfume shop. The internationalization process by the firm elaborates the various other ways of expansion in host countries. Due to the study I also got an insight of the Indian retail industry and luxury consumer product users. The statistical data clearly indicates that the decision by The perfume shop to expand in India will give it huge opportunities and benefits. References Arndt, C., Buch, C. and Mattes, A. (2012). Disentangling barriers to internationalization. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'conomique, 45(1), pp.41-63. Budde-Sung, A. (2011). The increasing internationalization of the international business classroom: Cultural and generational considerations. Business Horizons, 54(4), pp.365-373. Casillas, J. C., and Acedo, F. J. (2013). Speed in the internationalization process of the firm.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(1), 15-29. Cavusgil, S. T., and Cavusgil, E. (2012). Reflections on international marketing: destructive regeneration and multinational firms.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(2), 202-217. Styles, C., and Wilkinson, I. F. (2012). An opportunity-based view of rapid internationalization.Journal of International Marketing,20(1), 74-102. Chikweche, T. (2013). Revisiting the Business Environment at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP)From Theoretical Considerations to Practical Realities. Journal of Global Marketing, 26(5), pp.239-257. Doyle, C. (2011). A dictionary of marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Eckman, M., Sakarya, S., Hyllegard, K., Borja, M. A. G., and Descals, A. M. (2015). Consumer receptiveness to international retail expansion: a cross-cultural study of perceptions of social and economic influence of foreign retailers.The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, (ahead-of-print), 1-16. Granleese, J. (2014, June). Cross-Cultural Differences in European and Asian Men and Womens Consumption of Fragrance. InThe International Management Development Associations 23rd Annual World Business Congress Proceedings(pp. 323-328). Johanson, J. (2012). International Marketing and Internationalization ProcessesA Network Approach Jan Johanson and Lars GunnarMattsson University of Uppsala and Stockholm School of Economics.Research in International Marketing (RLE International Business), 234. Jolivot, A. (2008). Marketing international. Paris: Dunod. Lee, K., and Carter, S. (2011). Global marketing management.Strategic Direction,27(1). Melnyk, V., Klein, K., and Vlckner, F. (2012). The double-edged sword of foreign brand names for companies from emerging countries.Journal of Marketing,76(6), 21-37. Miller, K. W., and Mills, M. K. (2012). Probing brand luxury: A multiple lens approach.Journal of Brand Management,20(1), 41-51. Schertler, A. and Tykvov, T. (2011). Venture capital and internationalization. International Business Review, 20(4), pp.423-439. Sheth, J (2011). Wiley international encyclopedia of marketing. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley. Siddiqi, M. (2013). Work engagement as a reaction to work environment and customer outcome: a service marketing perspective. Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science, 24(1), pp.21-38. Timmor, Y. and Zif, J. (2005). A Typology of Marketing Strategies for Export. Journal of Global Marketing, 18(3-4), pp.37-78. Vos, L. (2013). Improving International Marketing Programs to Reflect Global Complexity and Risk: Curriculum Drivers and Constraints. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 24(2), pp.81-106. Yang, Z., Su, C., and Fam, K. S. (2012). Dealing with institutional distances in international marketing channels: Governance strategies that engender legitimacy and efficiency.Journal of Marketing,76(3), 41-55. Zeybek, I. (2013). LOCALITY TRANSMISSION OF GLOBAL LUXURY BRANDS: CHANEL NO:5 PERFUME COMMERCIAL AND INTERCULTURALITY. The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication, 3(4), pp.12-19. Fafai.org, (2015). FAFAI Fragrance Flavour Association of India. [online] Available at: https://www.fafai.org/publications.php [Accessed 5 May 2015]. Ibef.org, (2015). Retail Industry in India, Retail Sector In India, Indian Retail Industry. [online] Available at: https://www.ibef.org/industry/retail-india.aspx [Accessed 5 May 2015]. Limited, F. (2015). Perfume Fragrances Online - The Perfume Shop. [online] Theperfumeshop.com. Available at: https://www.theperfumeshop.com [Accessed 5 May 2015].

West Marine Case free essay sample

Once West Marine can determine their root cause for error in their supply chain, corrections can be made. Decision Criteria Analysis of alternatives Perhaps the easiest approach to the acquisition of BoatU. S. is to leave BoatU. S. ’s current demand and forecast planning untouched and separate from West Marine’s planning processes. This would be inexpensive and non-disruptive to the current corporate culture. The drawbacks, however, could be a slow steady decline in profitability and reliability of the BoatU. S. brand, hence the reason for the acquisition in the first place. However, management can use the testament of various metrics in the Supply Chain at West Marine since the EB Marine acquisition, and implement a SOP and CPFR system into the BoatU. S. brand line. The benefits to implementing such a comprehensive SOP and CPFR plan are clear in the literature such improved customer satisfaction, increased in-stock percentages (2-8%), and inventory reductions of 10-40%. We will write a custom essay sample on West Marine Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Lapide) These benefits will be a crucial help to the BoatU. S. brand and better align them with their competitive competencies. Which includes catering to a more sophisticated boater who highly values customer service. Improving in-stock percentages will solve a current problem in BoatU. S. ’s stores with high volume/high margin items missing from stores; perhaps adding to customer service as well. (p. 21) Also, the reduction in inventory will contribute to relieving the dilapidated distribution center in Maryland. Giving management time to evaluate the need for a new better planned warehouse, or renovate the current one for more efficient operations. Recommendations and Justification of Decision Our team proposes West Marine’s management proceed with the acquisition of BoatU. S. and immediately devise and implement a strong Sales and Operations Planning strategy to strengthen the internal demand planning and forecasting within BoatU. S. To accomplish this, top management must take a top-down as well as a bottom-up approach with clear financial performance goals. First, comprehensive information systems must be installed to collect accurate point-of-sale and warehouse data and report it in a way managers can make decisions. Here are my thoughts. While the adoption of the CPFR has shown improvement in supply chain issues, they need to incorporate a SOP program to shape the demand and improve forecasting and planning. Having recently adopted the CPFR standards, are they up to implementing another big endeavor such as this? I think they should take on the acquisition of Boat US as a pilot program. Not only should they adopt the current CPFR standards that have shown improvements, but they should also begin the top down and bottom up planning efforts as described in the SOP literature. As I mentioned in an email, the case narrative doesn’t mention any in-depth planning from the top- level management. They do state that product clusters have people responsible for setting prices and determining margins independently. Also, West Marine’s performance measures are pretty much all financed based, that is they are focused on ROI, EPS and so on. By focusing on the collaboration with the suppliers, they are addressing concerns such as stock outs and delivery times, but how are these translating in to the overall company goals?

Federalism in Political Culture essays

Federalism in Political Culture essays The Significance of Federalism in Political Culture The United States government is constructed of many systems and ideas which, when bound together, create the Democratic government utilized by the country. All of the different things, in most cases compliment each other and therefore, work together. Two examples of this are the system of federalism and the idea of political culture. They make up some of the important aspects of the government and its operation. Federalism is the system the United States uses as a frame for its government's power distribution when it comes to policies, procedures, and the likes. It is what maintains the power between the different levels of government, be it the National, state, or local governments. It also defines and separates these power possessors, while protecting the rights and profits of each. There are many opinions and theories concerning the success of such a system, depending on a person's outlook on the subject. However, despite its pros and cons, it can be said that if nothing else, it at least gets more citizens involved in politics. That is a important aspect that it brings, especially when it Political culture is a particular way of thinking in regard to how political and economic life ought to be carried out by a country's government. These notions may not always be shared by the country as a whole. There will always be different ideas, which leads to political subcultures. Depending on the situations of each person and each community, they will have their own beliefs in how the government should be doing things. Specific things that are taken into consideration when it comes to political culture are liberty, equality, civic duty, individual responsibility, and democracy. Federalism is the system that political culture works within. They flatter each other in that federalism gives political culture an outlet t ...

The Work of Remix in the Age of Digital Reproduction Essay

The Work of Remix in the Age of Digital Reproduction - Essay Example Burton defended himself saying that it was an artistic project, which had no commercial purpose, and stopped the distribution. However, Downhill Battle organised an online protest, which was called â€Å"Grey Tuesday† and the copies of â€Å"the Grey Album† were posted on the internet6. They declared that â€Å"We cannot allow these corporations to continue censoring art; we need commonsense reforms to copyright law that can make sampling legal and practical for artists†7. The controversy over the Grey Album accelerated as EMI together with Sony/ATV Publishing tried to stop online distribution of the Album. However, EFF (Electronic Frontier Foundation) analysed the situation and concluded that there was no federal copyright protection for sound recordings before 1972: â€Å"Because the White Album was released in 1968, it appears that EMI has no federal copyright rights in the sound recording†8. The dispute over mash-up of Grey Album poses a number of lega l issues with regard to copyright law and digital sampling. The American Copyright Law limits the exclusive rights of copyright owners in a number of ways including â€Å"fair use† and â€Å"licensing†. Fair use, which means â€Å"reasonable and limited use of a copyrighted work without the author’s permission†, added to the copyright statute in 1976.9 Furthermore, licensing allows anyone, who wants to record their own version of a musical composition, to get a licence for it. 10 However, this compulsory licensing cannot be applied to sound recordings. As Vrana notes â€Å"to this day, a record company’s right to duplicate the recordings it has produced may not be exercised by others without the company’s permission; the protection is airtight, and, unlike... This "The Work of Remix in the Age of Digital Reproduction" contemporary American and Australian Law on musical creativity. Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd v Miyamoto is one of the rare cases in Australia with regard to the digital sampling. A number of recording companies sued five DJs for copyright infingement due to their remix CD. DJs defended themselves by stating that they did the CD in order to satisfy consumer demands. Since the DJs took entire songs to make a remix CD, the Court did not take â€Å"substantial part† into consideration and the judge found five DJs guilty for the infringement of copyright law. This case cannot be considered as a precedent for smaller amounts of digital sampling, since the entire songs were taken. American and US courts have been allowing very small portions of digital sampling for years, but a recent decision in Bridgeport Music Inc v Dimension Films Inc span the wheels of justice into the opposite direction. In Bridgeport case, two se conds of a rap song was copied for the movie called â€Å"I Got the Hook up† and repeated five times for the duration of seven seconds each. Although a District Court and Middle District Court held that the amount taken was de minimis, thus, it cannot be considered copyright infringement; the Court of Appeals overruled this decision by declaring â€Å"even where a small part of a sound recording is sampled, the part taken is something of value†. The decision clearly blocks further samplings and it makes it impossible for creative artists to experiment with sample music without a licence.

Organisation and behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Organisation and behaviour - Assignment Example Coca Cola has a dynamic organizational structure. This enables the entity to address the countless managerial challenges it encounters. The entity organizational structure combines various managerial structures. The managerial models include functional, central, production and regional management. The fusion of these models generates a dynamic structure, which suits Coca Cola. The regional management enables the entity to address regional challenges, which the entity is encountering. The entity adopted a regional structure, which ensures the distribution of its products in the various sections of the globe where it has clientele. This kind of structure also ensures that the location of its production facilities enables reduction of cost and unproblematic accessibility of its products to its clientele. Regional management also enables the entity address variation in culture globally. The variation in regions means that organizational culture will vary depending on the geographic locat ions. However, the organizational culture is largely similar despite the variation in geographic location. Coca Cola organization culture entails various aspects such as team building, performance management, training and motivating employees. The organization has also established certain values which the entity seeks to inculcate in its employees. The virtues ensure that there are good inter-employee relationships. Furthermore, these values ensure proper service to the clientele. Coca Cola’s organizational culture is a vital constituent of the entity’s corporate governance policy. Coca Cola’s corporate culture is friendly and innovative. It seeks to improve the employee’s career by ensuring that employee progress professionally. Professional advancement is an imperative way of motivating employees. Motivating employees is a vital since it will boost productivity in the entity. The organization has laid emphasis on teamwork. Organizational teams are critical since

The Question of State Rights and the Cause of the American Civil War Essay

The Question of State Rights and the Cause of the American Civil War - Essay Example In fact, the issue of slavery only served as a trigger that eventually let loose the war that was waiting to happen due to animosities between the states, particularly those in the South, and the federal government. These animosities are based on the contrasting stand regarding the issues of state rights and the powers of the federal government when it comes to the administration of the states. It was during the presidency of Abraham Lincoln that the issue of slavery became such a contentious and divisive issue in the country. Most of the states in the North have made into law the abolition of slavery but the South continued to defend it as a very important aspect of the economy. However, Lincoln strongly pushed for the abolition of slavery on a nation-wide scope. This angered the South who also had supporters or lobbyists within the halls of congress. In a debate with a pro-slavery political figure, Lincoln said, â€Å"I believe we shall not have peace upon the question until the o pponents of slavery arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or on shall become alike lawful and in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as South.†i This point only antagonized further the states, particularly in the south. This stance from the president himself only encouraged the Southern States to consider seceding from the Union and to establish their own sovereign country which would naturally continue to promote slavery as a means of utilizing manpower for its economic activities. This conflict also highlighted the unresolved debates that occurred during the founding period of the country. Such issues were once sidelined intentionally or were relegate to the background while the country was still trying to establish itself politically and economically, especially because it had just won independence. However, it did not take long for such antagonisms to grow into actual conflicts. All it took was for the federal government to insist on it’s the laws at the expense of the states for these to happen. A particular event that led to the sharpening contradictions evidently between the North and South, but actually between the federal government and the states, was what happened in the Nullification Crisis in 1832. At that time, a federal law was made that introduced tariffs in order to discourage foreign competition with the products of the industry which were largely found in the North. However, such law put the South at disadvantage because of its dependence on imports. Through their own interpretation of the Constitution, key political leaders of the South insisted in nullifying the said tariff law. They pointed out that â€Å"should the federal government exceed its delegated powers by, for example, enactive a protective tariff, a state had the power to declare such an action unconstitutional and therefore null and void within it s boundaries.†ii This is exactly the same attitude that the Southern states had when the North and the federal government moved for the abolition of slavery. Due to the fact that such legislation would put it at such great disadvantage many of the states in the South actively sought exemption from it. From the perspective of the federal gover

Project report on construction

Project report on construction CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION The performance of the construction industry has a major influence on the economic, infrastructure, agricultural and technological development of a country (R. Chudley, 1995). Construction is increasingly becoming highly technical and sophisticated with high standard of quality and specification. These coupled with clients demand for value-for-money requires the efficient employment of equipment which can largely improve productivity in the construction industry. The general aim of every construction is to produce a structure that can provide the required functions at the most reasonable cost, within a given time frame and at the required level of quality. Mechanization is one of the ways by which these could be achieved. The fast developing construction industry now heavily depends on equipment to achieve the high demands of quality project delivery. Equipment implies the machinery, tools (other than craftsmens personal tools) used in the contractors yard, workshop or site. Generally, equipment are introduced to contracts to increase the rate of output, reduce overall building cost, achieve high output standards often required by present day designs and specifications, eliminate heavy manual work thus reducing fatigue and carry out activities which cannot be done manually or do them more economically ( R. Chudley, 1995). The introduction of equipment to a contract does not however necessarily result in economic savings unless the contract work is so organized that machines are fully utilized or operate for continuous periods at full capacity that is about 85% of its on-site time, their use will not be economical. To be economic, equipment must be fully utilized and not left standing idle since equipment, whether hired or owned, will have to be paid for even if it is non-productive (R. Chudley, 1995). Heavy equipment will be needed for excavation, haulage, lifting and transportation of materials and people during the construction of a project in order to meet all the clients specifications. Contractors stand to gain from the use of equipment in the form of increased output per employee, increased productivity from equipment leading to overall profits. Unfortunately, performance of construction firms in the industry has been affected by several constraints with lack of access to finance arguably the most critical of these constraints. At least, it prevents contractors from procuring all necessary resources for their construction works including equipment (Eyiah A and Cook P, 2003). It is against this background that this investigation has been conducted to find the equipment acquisition methods being used by Ghanaian contractors as well as the problems the contractors encounter when acquiring equipment for their construction. 1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The highly technical and standardized nature of current construction designs and high demands in terms of quality coupled with often short contract durations undeniably demands the use of equipment. They play an increasingly important role in building as well as civil engineering operations and both time and a lot of money can be saved by acquiring and using them. Heavy equipment are needed for excavation, haulage, lifting and transportation of materials and people during the construction of a project thus performing an operation faster, more economically, safely and with a better quality and finish. Notwithstanding such great achievable benefits, it requires substantial capital to procure equipment, set up plant management departments and even use the equipment. It often requires very large bank guarantees, collaterals, high interest rates on bank loans, sometimes cumbersome bureaucratic procedures to acquire funds to purchase plant or equipment. This is probably why most Ghanaian contractors still depend heavily on manual labour to execute their projects. On large and complex projects of long durations, it may be practical to purchase plant or equipment for a specific job and resell at the end of the contract. The problem here is that fluctuations in prices on our current market may make it difficult to forecast costs with certainty. Equipment holding firms often do not offer favorable and attractive conditions for the acquisition of equipment to encourage contractors to use equipment on the projects. Very few of the contractors can meet the required conditions before procuring most needed equipment. Again, equipment holding firms are usually found in the urban areas of our country which are almost always far away from most of the construction sites warranting high haulage costs from the plant depot. Purchasing a plant or equipment could also tell greatly on the finances of the firm as a very large sum of money may be locked up in purchasing the plant which then has to be worked at a good utilization level to recoup investments made into it. Finally, purchasing equipment is sound investment if there is enough work ahead to keep it fully employed. Some estimates suggest the equipment must be working regularly for three to five years to recover the capital outlay. However the situation in Ghana is that of many contractors competing for very few projects. Construction firms cannot be assured of regular projects to fully utilize their investment in equipment therefore they rather do not invest in it all or when they do, it is very minimal. All the aforementioned problems collectively contribute to the reason why most of the contractors are unable to acquire the necessary equipment for construction works and thus leaving construction in Ghana still very labour intensive. 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The main aim of this study is to investigate the existing equipment acquisition methods in use in the Ghanaian construction industry as well as the problems that the contractors encounter when acquiring equipment with the view to recommending better and more effective practices in the construction industry. Specific objectives of the investigation are to: * Find out existing equipment acquisition options used by the Ghanaian contractor. * Identify problems faced by the Ghanaian contractor in acquiring equipment for construction works. * Examine existing arrangements (if any) made between equipment hire and manufacturing companies and the construction companies. * Recommending better acquisition options as well as solutions to some of the major problems the contractors face when they try to acquire equipment. 1.3 SCOPE OF WORK A number of firms within the D1 and D2 of contractors by the Ministry of Water, Works and Housing and the Ministry of Roads and Transport in the Kumasi Metropolis will be identified, selected and studied. The equipment items that will be covered under the study will include general equipments, earth moving, lifting, transporting and excavation equipments. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT Equipment plays an increasingly important role in building as well as civil engineering operations, and both time and money can be saved by the efficient use of mechanical aids. Equipment implies the machinery, tools (other than craftsmens personal tools) and other equipment used in the contractors yard, workshop or site. These may range from small hand held power tools to larger and more expensive equipment such as mechanical excavators and cranes. The aim of any construction activity or project is to produce a structure of the right quality and standard at an optimum cost within an acceptable time frame. The use of equipment for construction becomes necessary where using manual labour will not help achieve the projects objectives. Generally, equipment are introduced to contracts for one of the following reasons: * Increased production. * Reduction in overall construction costs. * Carry out activities which cannot be carried out by the traditional manual methods in the context of economics. * Eliminate heavy manual work thus reducing fatigue and as a consequence increasing productivity. * Replacing labour where there is a shortage of personnel with the necessary skills. * Maintain the high standards required particularly in the context of structural engineering works (R. Chudley, 1997). 2.1.2 SOME COMMON CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT USED DURING CONSTRUCTION. Presented here is a brief description of some of the important construction equipment that may be used during the construction of a building project. 2.1.2.1 EARTH MOVING MACHINES The equipment described here include the bulldozers, graders, scrappers etc that are used to move massive volumes of excavated materials during construction. BULLDOZER The primary earth-moving machine is the heavy-duty tractor, which when fitted with tracks to grip the ground and with a large movable blade attached in front, is called a bulldozer. The bulldozer as shown in fig 2.1 below may be used to clear brush, small trees, debris, remove boulders, and level ground. They may even be used as towing tractor or a pusher to a scrapper. They consist essentially of a track or wheel mounted power unit with a mould blade at the front. Many bulldozers have the capacity to adjust the mould blade to form an angledozer which can tilt the mould blade about a central swivel point. They become even very useful especially in civil engineering projects, which often require the moving of millions of cubic meters of earth. These bulldozers are however not appropriate for final leveling and cannot be used for loading thus requiring other equipment to load. TRACTOR SHOVEL These are sometimes called loaders or loader shovels and primary function is to scoop up loose materials in the front mounted bucket, elevate the bucket and deposit the material into an attendant transport vehicle. Tractor shovels are driven towards the pile of loose material with the lowered bucket. The speed and the power of the machine will then enable the bucket to be filled. To increase their versatility, the tractor shovels can be fitted with a 4 in 1 bucket enabling them to carry out bulldozing, excavating, lifting and loading activities. Like the scrapper, the tractor shovel is not suitable for work in rocks and waterlogged areas and will require a crawler tractor to work in the latter condition. GRADERS Somewhat similar to scrapers are graders which are self-propelled, wheeled machines with a long, inclined or vertically adjustable steel blade. Graders are primarily finishing equipment; they level earth already moved into position by bulldozers and scrapers. They are similar to the bulldozers in that they have a long slender adjustable mould blade, which is usually slung under the centre of the machine. The mould blade can be suitably adjusted in both the horizontal and vertical planes through an angle of 300 the latter enabling it to be used for grading sloping banks. This John Deere grader seen in Fig 2.2a below has a laser leveling unit mounted on its blade which constantly adjusts the height of the blade to ensure that the ground is made precisely flat. The low motive power of a grader does not generally allow for use in excavations. A grader cannot load nor move spoils of significant quantity over a long distance. It is bulky in size and therefore not suitable for work in small and/or confined areas and corners. SCRAPERS A scraper is a machine that may be pulled by a tractor or may be self-powered and consists of a blade and a bowl or container. The bowl is lowered to cut and collect soil where site stripping and leveling operations are required involving large volume of earth. The soil may then be released so as to form an even layer of a predetermined thickness or be carried off for disposal elsewhere. To obtain maximum efficiency, scrappers should operate downhill and as much as possible have smooth haul roads and hard surfaces broken up before scraping. Scrappers are not suitable for use in waterlogged areas and in rocky grounds. They cannot be used in loading and also would need transportation between sites. [Microsoft Encarta 2006; R. Chudley, 1997] 2.1.2.2 EXCAVATORS These form part of the main equipment items that are often used in construction. They are primarily used to excavate as well as load different types of soil. Each different type of excavator has specific soil conditions where it works best. Below is a brief description of some of the common excavating equipment found in construction. All of them can easily be classified under one of the following categories: Multipurpose, General or Universal and Purpose Made excavators. MULTI-PURPOSE EXCAVATOR Multi-purpose excavators like the one shown if fig. 2.4 are fitted with a loading and excavating front bucket and a rear backactor bucket. When in operation using the backactor bucket, the machine is raised off its axels by rear mounted hydraulic outriggers or jacks and in some models by placing the front bucket on the ground. TRENCHER A trencher is designed to excavate trenches at constant width with a high degree of accuracy and speed. It can cut trenches of widths between 250 and 450mm and up to 4.00m deep. It consists of a number of excavating buckets mounted on a continuous mechanism on a vertical boom. The boom is lowered into the ground to the required depth to be excavated. The spoil is then transferred along a cross conveyor to deposit the spoil along the side of the trench. A trencher as shown in fig 2.5 is most suitable for long and deep trench excavation and it also gives a fairly accurate and clean trench width and would therefore not require further trimmings to sides of trenches it excavates. A trencher cannot load materials it excavates and also unable to work in rock. SKIMMER Skimmers are used for surface stripping and shallow excavation work up to 300mm deep where a high degree of accuracy is required. They usually requires attendant haulage vehicles to remove the spoil and they also have to be transported between sites on a low-loader. The restricted nature of the bucket movement does not allow high output rates as compared with other over site excavating equipment. A skimmer requires a large operational area and is therefore not recommended for work in small and restricted areas. BACKACTOR Backactors are about the most common excavating equipment used in construction. They are suitable for trench, foundation and basement excavations especially in restricted areas. They can be used with or without attendant haulage vehicles since the spoil can be placed alongside the excavation for use in backfilling. Unlike the face shovel, they excavate by moving the bucket towards the chassis of the machine. It then raises the bucket in a tucked position to discharge the excavated material through the front open bucket. They can also be used to load hard but broken down materials. They require a low-loader transportation between sites and trenches excavated using the backactor may need other equipment for trimming to obtain desired smooth edges. Shown below in fig 2.6a and b are pictures of a John Deere and CAT backactors respectively. FACE SHOVEL The primary function of this machine is to excavate against a face or a bank above its own track or wheel level. It is suitable for clay and can be used in excavating and even rock which needs to be loosened, usually by blasting prior to the excavation. A face shovel has the added advantage of loading materials excavated into dump trucks. It can also be used extensively for relocating spoils within a given radius or short distance and for heaping spoils for future use. Face shovels like the one shown in fig. 2.7 above usually require attendant haulage vehicles for the removal of the spoil and a low-loader transportation between sites most especially in developed areas. They are also not suitable for deep excavations. 2.1.2.3 TRANSPORTING EQUIPMENT These are mainly used for the transportation of personnel, materials, machines and equipment from one site to the other or from one location to the other within a relatively large site. They range from conventional saloon car to the large low loader lorries designed to transport other items of builders equipment between construction sites and the equipment yard or depot. VANS These transport vehicles range from the small two person plus a limited amount of materials to the large vans with purpose designed bodies such as those designed to carry sheets of glass. The vans can be supplied with an uncovered tipping or non-tipping container mounted behind the passenger cab for use as a pick-up truck. LORRIES Lorries which are usually referred to as haul vehicles are available as road or site only vehicles. The road haulage vehicles have to comply with all the requirements of the concerning vehicle usage which among other requirements limits size and axle loads. The site only vehicles are not so restricted and can be designed to carry two to three times the axle load allowed on the public highways. They are also designed to withstand the rough terrain encountered on many construction sites. Lorries specifically designed for the transportation of large items of equipment are called low loaders and are usually fitted with integral or removal ramps to facilitate loading equipment onto the carrier platform. PASSENGER VEHICLES These can range from a simple framed cabin which can be placed in the container of a small lorry or pick-up truck to a conventional bus or coach. These vans can also be designed to carry a limited number of seated passengers by having fixed or removable seating together with windows fitted in the van sides thus giving the vehicle a dual function. DUMPERS Dumpers are used for horizontal transportation of materials ranging from aggregates to wet concrete on and off construction sites generally by means of an integral tipping skip. Highways dumpers or dumper trucks are similar but larger design and can be used to carry materials such as excavated spoil along the roads. A wide range of dumpers are available with variuos carrying capacities with hydraulic control for either a side, front or elevted tipping. They are designed to traverse rough terrain but they are not desinged to carry passengers. Shown above in fig. 2.8a and 2.8b are shown a standard site dumper and a dumper truck respectively. FORK LIFTS These are used for horizontal and limited vertical transportation of mterials positioned on pallets or banded together such as brick packs. They are generally suitable for construction sites where the building height does not exceed three storeys. They are available in three basic forms namely staright mast, overhead and telescopic boom (shown in fig. 2.9a-c) with various height, reach and lifting capacities. HOISTS Hoists are designed for vertical transportation of materials, passengers or both. Material hoists are usually mobile and they can be dismantled, folded onto the chassis and moved to another position or site under their own power or towed by a haulage vehicle. Passenger hoists are designed to carry passenger passengers although they most can be capable of carrying the load of passengers as well as materials. 2.1.2.4 CRANES Cranes are lifting devices designed to raise materials by means of rope operation and move the load horizontally. Crane types can range from simple rope and pulley to complex tower cranes but most can be placed within one of three groups namely: static (operate from a fixed position), mobile (operating position can be changed by cran under its own power) and tower (can be operated from a fixed position or rail mounted to become mobile) cranes. Several forms of cranes can be identified. Some of these are listed below: * Self propelled cranes * Lorry Mounted cranes * Track mounted cranes * Gantry/Portal cranes * Tower cranes Below in fig. 2.10 is shown the different types of cranes used in the construction industry. 2.1.2.5 Concreting equipment these equipment perhaps fall among the group of equipment that may be readily found on most constrction sites since concrete usually forms a large propotion of the materials used in construction.Concreting equipment can simply as classified under the following headings: mixing, transportation and placing. CONCRETE MIXERS These are used in mixing concrete especially in large volumes. Apart from the very large output mixers most concrete mixers in general use have a rotating drum designed to produce concrete without segregation of the mix. Most small batch mixers are of tilting drum type with outputs up to 200 lit/batch. They are generally hand loaded which makes the quality control of successive mixes difficult to regulate.Medium batch mixers can achieve outputs up to about 750lit/batch and may be designed with a tilting drum mixer or as a non-tilting drum mixer with a reversable drum. These mixers usually have integral weight bacthing loading hoppers, scrapper shovels and water tank thus giving better qualtity control than the small batch mixers. The pictures shown in fig. 2.11 and 2.12 are the very common 10/7 concrete mixer and 6m3 capacity ready mix concrete machine. EQUIPMENT FOR TRANSPORTING CONCRETE. Wheel barrows are the most common form of transporting concrete in small volumes. However for large volumes of up to about 600 litres, dumpers are more appropriate. Ready mixed concrete trucks are used to transport mixed concrete of volumes between 4-6m3 from a mixing equipment or depot to the site. Discharge can be direct into placing position via a chute or into some form of site dumper such as a dumper, crane skip or dumper. VIBRATOR After placing concrete in its formwork, excavated area or mould, the concrete must be properly worked around any insets or reinforcement and finally compacting the concrete to the required consolidation. This can be done to some degree satisfaction using tamping boards or rods but most appropritely using vibrators. Poker vibrators consist of a hollow steel tube casing in which is a rotating impellar which generates vibrations as its heard comes into contact with the casing. [Microsoft Encarta 2006; R. Chudley, 1997] 2.2 EQUIPMENT ACQUISITION Generally, a construction company has two options in acquiring equipment: it may either own machinery and equipment or hire it. Management must decide early on whether the equipment needed on site is to be hired or purchased outright, if it is not already available within the company. Purchasing equipment is sound investment if there is enough work ahead to keep it fully employed. Some estimates suggest the equipment must be working regularly for three to five years to recover the capital outlay [J.E. Johnston, 1981]. The decision to purchase will invariably have important financial consequences for the firm, since considerable capital sums will be locked up in plant, which must then be operated at an economic utilization level to produce a profitable rate of return on the investment .In recent years however, the growth of the independent equipment hire sector of the construction industry has greatly facilitated this latter option and approximately 50-60% of equipment presently used on projects is hired. Many firms however prefer to hire only those items of equipment which are required to meet peak demand or specialized duties [F. Harris and R. McCaffer, 2001]. 2.2.1 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS The introduction of equipment to a project does not necessarily result in economic savings since extra temporary site works such as road works, foundations, hard standings and anchorages may have to be provided at a cost which may be in excess of the savings made by using the equipment. The site layout and circulation may have to be planned around equipment positions and accommodation. The full advantage of employing the equipment can only be realized if the equipment is well managed, both on and off the site, and this requires a thorough understanding of the economic aspects of using equipment and vehicles. For example, a crane will become expensive if the design does not allow a fairly continuous programme of work whilst it is on the site. To be economic, plant must be fully utilized and not left standing idle since equipment, whether hired or owned, will have to be paid for even if it is non-productive. Full utilisation of equipment is usually considered to be in the region of 85% of on site time, thus making an allowance for routine daily and planned maintenance which needs to be carried out to avoid as far as practicable equipment breakdowns which could disrupt the construction programme. Many pieces of equipment work in conjunction with other items of equipment such as excavators and their attendant haulage vehicles therefore a correct balance of such equipment items must be obtained to achieve an economic result (R. Chudley, 1995; R.E Calvert et al, 1996). 2.2.3 EQUIPMENT POLICY 2.2.3.1 OWN ALL EQUIPMENT The policy practiced by many enterprises is to purchase, or lease long term, most of the equipment needs and thereby provide availability at all times, with the added advantage of the prestige attached to demonstrating the use of owned equipment. However, much capital will be locked up in the equipment, which must become capable of generating a sufficient rate of return. A major disadvantage of this strategy is the problem of maintaining adequate levels of utilisation. Equipment holdings are usually built up to service a growing demand, and will become a heavy liability in the case of an economic recession. Any available work may then subsequently need to be undertaken to sustain the fleet, since equipment cannot easily be sold in a declining market. 2.2.3.2 HIRE ALL EQUIPMENT Many specialist hire/rental firms offer the supply of equipment now on the open market. To take advantage of this facility avoids both the responsibility of maintenance and the tying up of capital. The equipment may be hired for a specified period and often times the equipment operator also is provided by the equipment supplier. The main disadvantage of hiring is that the hire rate depends on market forces and suppliers are largely beyond the control of the hire, except for limited negotiation between competing firms. 2.2.3.3 A COMBINATION OF HIRE AND OWN A mixed policy of owning and hiring equipment may be the preferred option. For example, regularly required items might be purchased and hiring adopted only to smooth out demand (Edwards D.J, 2003). F.T. Edum-Fotwe (1990) writes that serious consideration should also be given to the extent to which the equipment is to be operated before an acquisition decision is made. He outlines the following factors concerning the level of operation of a equipment: 1. Acquire equipment new and operate to a down value and sell it. 2. Acquire second-hand equipment and operate to scrap value. 3. Acquire equipment new and operate to scrap value. 4. Acquire a second-hand equipment and operate to a down value and resell. 2.2.4 FINANCING OF EQUIPMENT A firm, having decided to buy a equipment instead of hiring, has the following methods of paying for the equipment. 1. Cash or outright purchase 2. Hire Purchase 3. Credit Sales 4. Leasing 5. Hiring 2.2.4.1 CASH OR OUTRIGHT PURCHASE When using this option, the buyer pays cash or immediately at the time of purchase, thereby providing tangible asset on the balance sheet. Obviously, this option is only possible if cash is available and therefore presupposes that profits have been built up from investors such as shareholder, bank loans, etc. Also, some large or technically unusual contracts sometimes include monies to permit the contractor to purchase the necessary equipment at the start of the project [F. Harris and R. McCaffer, 2001]. R. Chudley, 1997 simply identifies some of the advantages of outright purchase as: 1. Equipment availability is totally within the control of the contractor. 2. Hourly cost of equipment is generally less than hired equipment. 3. Owner has choice of costing method used. J.E. Johnston, 1981 however advices that besides the purchase price of a equipment, consideration should be given to the following points: 1. Capital outlay and interest charges 2. The cost of maintenance and repairs 3. The cost of transporting equipment between sites 4. Insurance premium and 5. Standing time on site. When examining the need to own equipment, the following points must be considered: 1. Will the item of equipment generate sufficient turnover to provide an adequate rate of return on the capital employed? 2. Is ownership of the equipment, rather than obtaining it by some other method, absolutely necessary for the business? 3. Is outright purchase the only way of acquiring the equipment? [F. Harris and R. McCaffer, 2001] 2.2.4.1.1 COST OF OWNING AN EQUIPMENT The cost of owning and operating construction equipment is affected by factors such as the cost of the equipment delivered to the owner, the severity of the conditions under which it is used, the cares with which the owner maintains and repairs it and the demand for used equipment when it is sold which will affect the salvage value. In his report, Effects of equipment breakdown on civil and building construction works, Markus S. Clarke (2001) identified the costs involved in owning and operating equipment as: i. Depreciation When a unit of equipment is placed in operation, it begins to wear out. Regardless of the care in maintaining and repairing it, the equipment will wear out or become obsolete and has to be replaced. The owner of the equipment has to provide a reserve fund to replace it when it is worn out. Where the contractor fails to include an appropriate allowance for depreciation of his equipment in his estimate, there will be no funds available to replace the equipment when they become aged or obsolete. ii. Maintenance and repairs The cost of maintenance and repairs varies considerably with the type of equipment, the service to which it is assigned and the care it receives. The annual costs of maintenance and repairs is expressed as a percentage of the annual cost of depreciation or independent of depreciation and it must also be sufficient to cover the cost of keeping the equipment operating.

Cuba: Then and Now Essay -- Comparison Contrast Government Politics P

Cuba: Then and Now In the Treaty of Paris of 1898, Spain relinquished all sovereignty over Cuba. For a time, the policy of the United States toward Cuba was somewhat ambivalent. The Teller Amendment at the beginning of the Spanish-American War had pledged the restoration of Cuba to the Cubans. However, at the same time the United States was determined that it would not be placed after the war with Spain in a worse position in regard to its vital interests in Cuba than it had been when Cuba was a Spanish possession. The two men most closely associated with the U.S. relationship and administration of Cuba were Elihu Root, Secretary of War, and Leonard Wood, Governor General of Cuba. At his Washington desk, Root spent considerable time keeping a sharp eye on the Cuban constitutional convention and directing the overall campaign.1 On the scene in Havana was Doctor Leonard Wood who had gone there as commander of the Rough Riders in 1898. His first major administrative task in Cuba after the war was in Santiago province where the death rate was two hundred a day, and the filth was terrible. After burning the dead bodies in town, he curtailed the inflation and cleaned up the refuse. In addition, Wood saw that jails were inspected and that schools were secularized. Because of his accomplishments in Santiago, he was appointed Governor General of Cuba on December 12, 1899. He kept the post until the formation of the Cuban Republic in 1902. Wood did well as governor of the â€Å"Pearl of the Antilles.† On September 7, the Chicago Record-Herald reported that Cuba was on the high road to more prosperous times than it had ever experienced. There was no distress among the population of 1,572,797 other than what might be found under... ...is point from 1901-34 aroused increasing bitterness, as Root’s interpretation was not followed. On May 29, 1934, it was abrogated by the United Sates. 11 Lyman Abbott, Reminiscences (Boston and New York: 1915), 438. 12 Congressional Record, 58 Cong., 2 sess., 3379; 180 U.S. 109 (1900). 13 New York Times, September 10, 1901, 5, c. 4. 14 Philip C. Jessup, Elihu Root (New York: 1938), I, 324. 15 Edmond Wood, â€Å"Can Cubans Govern Cuba?† The Forum, XXXII (September, 1901), 66-74. 16 Congressional Record, 56 Cong., 2 sess., 3344-45, 3348, 3375. 17 See above, 33-34. 18 New York Times, September 8, 1901, 3, c. 5. 19 Literary Digest: A Weekly Compendium of the Contemporaneous Thought of the World, XXIII (September 7, 1901), 274. 20 Nation: A Weekly Journal Devoted to Politics, Literature, Science and Art, (September 5, 1901), 180, c. 1.

Book Report: The Hunger Games Essay

Characters: * Katniss Everdeen (girl on fire)

Demagoguery and How to Pronounce It

Demagoguery and How to Pronounce It Demagoguery and How to Pronounce It Demagoguery and How to Pronounce It By Maeve Maddox As the 2016 US presidential election campaign slouches toward November, the words demagogue, demagogic, and demagoguery make frequent appearances in the media. For example, in a Sunday morning interview with Rachel Martin, NPR stalwart Mara Liasson remarked on the reaction of other Republican candidates to Donald Trump: â€Å"They’re talking about the demagoguery and the authoritarian, violent rhetoric.† What drew my attention to the radio interview was Liaison’s pronunciation of the word demagoguery. She pronounced the second g with a soft sound: /dem-uh-GAHJ-er-ee/. Both g’s in demagoguery are â€Å"hard.† The spelling gue is always pronounced /g/, as in tongue, league, and prologue. Demagoguery is defined as â€Å"the principles or practices of a demagogue.† In modern usage, a demagogue is â€Å"a political leader who appeals to the passions and prejudices of the mob in order to obtain power and further his own interests.† An unlimited Google search for demagoguery and demagogue gives the following results: â€Å"demagoguery† about 508,000 results â€Å"demagogue† about 484,000 results A search for demagogue limited to the year 2000 brings about 2,260 results. Of the ten summaries that come up on the first page of results, nine refer to definitions and discussions of the word. Only one refers to a politician as a demagogue: â€Å"He’s a Demagogue, That’s What He Is: Hodding Carter on Huey Long.† The Ngram Viewer goes only to 2000. On the graph, the word demagogue peaks in 1862 and then drops precipitately. Note: The noun demagogue is verbed by some speakers: Hes merely made use of an existing, flawed system to demagogue his way into the hearts and minds of angry low-information voters, of whom there are a lot. The OED and the Howjsay pronunciation site give /dem-uh-GAH-gik/ (both g’s â€Å"hard†) as the first pronunciation and /dem-uh-GAH-jik/ (second g â€Å"soft†) as an alternative pronunciation. Merriam-Webster gives only the hard g pronunciation: /dem-uh-GAH-gik/. Note: When I began this post, I did not think it necessary to remark on the pronunciation of the o in demagogue. However, a friend told me that she heard NBC’s Brian Williams pronounce demagogic with a long o as well as with a soft g: /dem-uh-GO-jik/. Broadcasting networks do have pronunciation guides. Perhaps their announcers don’t always remember to consult them. American pronunciation for the three words- demagogue, demagogic and demagoguery- is with short o (as in hot) and hard g (as in got): /dem-uh-GAHG/, /dem-uh-GAH-gik/ and /dem-uh-GAHG-er-ee/. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 1How to Punctuate with â€Å"However†Is "Number" Singular or Plural?

Finding a Paying Market in Homeschoolers

Finding a Paying Market in Homeschoolers Most writers are always on the lookout for ways to earn a little extra cash with their craft. One of those ways kind of fell into my lap, and I face-palmed myself for not thinking about it before. A friend asked if I would teach a writing class at her homeschool co-op. I homeschooled my own children for 18 years, and it never occurred to me to offer my knowledge to other homeschoolers. Here are a few things you need to know to break into a local homeschool group. ==They plan classes for the following year in January. September of one year isn’t too early to approach them with your class ideas for the next year. ==Co-ops have wish lists to include their course needs and requests from parents. Many of those wishes go above and beyond what most homeschooling curriculums offer. For example, most parents teach grammar at home, but can’t teach their children how to write a novel. Perhaps a journalism class, with a bimonthly printed newspaper, would be a good addition to the co-op’s class list, or teaching a freelancing class where students could actually submit stories and articles to magazines that accept writing from kids. theclaremontreview.ca/#!writing-submissions/c1bm7 http://kidspiritonline.com/help/ newmoon.com/content/?id=1006type=1 http://polyphonyhs.com/submit/ skippingstones.org/submissions.htm stonesoup.com/stone-soup-contributor-guideline/ teenink.com/Submissions/guidelines.php) ==Offer different ideas, reaching different age groups. While they may already offer a journalism class for high school age students, maybe teaching elementary students how to write and illustrate a picture book would complement the co-op’s needs. Many groups use IEW for creative writing classes. You can find out more about that curriculum at their website (http://iew.com). Study it and come up with an idea that is different, a need that isn’t already met. ==Write course descriptions and be specific. You don’t necessarily have to have your lessons planned out for the entire year, but you do need to know, and be able to communicate, what your plans are for the class. Create a syllabus to give students at the beginning of the year. ==Some parents want grades for their children to add to transcripts. Depending on what the parents are doing at home with their children, they may need you to grade, even if it just a pass/fail type of grade. Talk with the homeschool co-op to see what they require. ==Some co-ops will allow you to charge an extra fee for printing or supply costs. For example, when teaching a picture book class, you may need fancy paper, markers, stencils, and other art supplies for the children to use. This is a one-time fee for the year that allows you to purchase what is necessary for the benefit of the class. ==Expect a wide range in class number. You may only end up with a few students or up to as many as twenty, depending on the size of the co-op, scheduling conflicts, or simply the number of students interested in taking your class. ==Don’t be surprised if they require a background check. After all, you are working with their children. Teaching writing to homeschool students can be fun and exciting as well as profitable. To find a homeschool co-op in your area, visit http://a2zhomeschooling.com/regional/regional_worldwide_homeschooling/ or home-school.com/groups/ for list

Psychology Behind Substance Abuse Research Paper

Psychology Behind Substance Abuse - Research Paper Example From the report it is clear that  more and more people presently are turning towards substance abuse for seeking relief from the distress of many everyday annoyances like paralyzing sense of failure, broken relationships, and other complex tragedies of life.  Thid discussion stresses that  most of the people turn towards the option of drug abuse when they are psychologically saturated from the aggravated worries and this saturated point tempts them to abuse drugs so that they may be able to negate or exchange their blackened depression for positive pleasure or psychological reward. Whether the substance used by the abuser is a stimulant or a depressant, it helps him/her in temporarily forgetting the harsh or ruthless realities or failures of life. Psychological assessment helps in identification of the fact that the patient is habitually and inadequately using drugs because he/she is obsessive about seeking denial from mounting depression. The psychological disorder of substanc e abuse can be managed by effective communication with the patient rather than abruptly referring him/her to a rehabilitation centre without any psychological therapy. The initial euphoric sense that is experienced by a substance abuser serves as a potent psychological pleasure or reward for him/her, which is immediately followed by strengthened feelings of self-confidence in case of a stimulant abuse and relaxation in case of a depressant intake. The street name for such potent and weird psychological effects is rush, which is the bait for all drug abusers who desperately seek refuge from the brutal challenges of life which they find too hard to manage. Psychological analysis of rush reveals that this is experienced by a substance abuser because of the stimulation of the pleasure reward pathway in brain that results in excessive dopamine release, which is responsible for the regulation and transfer of drug and producing the overpowering sensations of pleasure, indulgence, confidenc e, and ego gratification. This gratifying but unearned psychological reward modulates the brain of a substance abuser in such a way that he/she develops a persistent longing for the preferred drug. 4. Rebellion and defiance lead to substance

Health insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Health insurance - Essay Example Therefore, this paper will look into a health advertisement and discuss it in its fullness. Health and health insurance as a topic is important in most people’s lives. Decisions on what the best medical policies are suitable for an individual and their families as well as what medical services are best suited for them often take center stage in planning. Therefore, companies and medical providers have the obligation to research and find out what consumers need and how effectively they can provide these needs. They have to take into consideration; the pricing, the treatment, cause of the drug as compared to its complements, then advertise it in a manner that will captivate the consumers and make them want to try it. Advertisements assure the target market of how effective the product is and how well- tested it is should be included to erase any fear of bad and severe side effects or otherwise. There is an advertisement of the Swiss drug maker, Novartis, on multiple sclerosis disease that says â€Å"Hey MS, Take This!† (Olson). The advert is about people who refuse to let the disease control their lives. Multiple Sclerosis is a disease that affects the brain and the spinal cord. These parts of the body are the central and core parts that control most, if not all the other body parts. Multiple Sclerosis can affect the body hindering an individual’s perfomance as well as personal independence; thus, making them rely on assistance for the rest of their lives. The advert shows people with the Gilenya drug on their tongues that are stuck out (Olson). This shows that they are willing to fight against any disease that may want to affect their bodies neurologically or otherwise. The text â€Å"Hey MS, Take This!† (Olson). The graphics of extremely good-looking and healthy persons brings out the defiance nature that we should adopt against any condition. It is encouraging and shows a positive fighting spirit and the strength that

A central assumption made in Mean-Variance Analysis and the Capital Essay

A central assumption made in Mean-Variance Analysis and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is that investors prefer to invest in the most efficient portfolios available - Essay Example To determine an efficient portfolio, an efficient frontier is drawn. The efficient frontier is a graph drawn to exhibit different portfolios with a different combination of returns and risks. To achieve such optimal portfolio, there must be a combination of the lowest risk with the highest expected return. The figure below shows the efficient frontier. The efficient frontier has a Y- axis that measures the anticipated rate of return (ER) and X- axis that measures the standard deviation (∞). The curve JKL drawn in the graph is the minimum variance frontier which combines the risk of a portfolio and anticipated return on portfolio to minimize the return deviation at distinct levels of return expected. On the efficient frontier, there are some points that are found either below or above it. Those portfolios that lie below the frontier provide an inadequate return for a given risk hence they are sub-optimal. In other words, they are attainable but insufficient. Conversely, those that lie to the right of the frontier have higher risks given a certain rate of return. In theinvestment of securities, the main objective is to earn returns from a respective investment. High-risk with high returns is always avoided because they require high capital for investment. An investor can anticipate earning a lot from a given security but because of the fluctuations of the market prices and inflation, such investor can incur a loss simply because the future movements of the portfolio cannot be predicted (Fama 2009, p.452). Given an axiom that all investors fear risk, none of them will be willing to invest in a portfolio that has a high possibility of a loss. However, investors prefer a portfolio that has low-risk because they can be certain of the expected returns from a certain portfolio. Though they will not be getting the maximum returns they wish, they are able to get the returns for unforeseen future because

History of education Essay Example for Free

History of education Essay As a student, I have read â€Å"On the Use of a Liberal Education: As Lite Entertainment for Bored College Students† written by Mark Edmundson many times. Edmundson’s article is now published in textbook (for example: from Inquiry to Academic writing) and taught in English university education. Edmundson argues that nowadays liberal education is as lite entertainment for bored college students; education is product and universities are suppliers that satisfy the expectation of consumer students. In any aspect, I agree with him. The education now is changing in bad way. The students do no longer care about what they need to learn in the school except for their point. But why does this happen? This article just show one side of students. What about teacher? School? Family? Or society? Generally, there are some points I consider make me not believe or agree with this article absolutely. First, he wrote this article after many-year teaching. This is based on his be-teacher experience. He is in the point of view of teacher. But despite teaching many years, how many student he taught? What percentage in the total number of students in USA or the world does it hold? It is unfair and unbelievable when he draws the conclusion about all students with only students he has taught. Maybe he is right but he is also possible to be wrong. Because that number of student may be very high, maybe hold 70%, 80%, even 90% but also just 20%. There are no researches given in the article. No one knows the exact number so can’t give that conclusion. But the only thing we can believe is that many is not total; that many students are as consumers. Secondly, he says education is as lite entertainment for bored students. What is meant by bored students? How bored? A teacher comments that students are bored so what did he/she do to improve them. I know learning is responsibility of own student but school or teacher is instructor leading them to what they need to explore themselves. They now are just in the wrong way, so it doesn’t mean they will be so forever. They now need a person to lead them in the right way. Besides, he just shows their present that they are bored but not shows the reasons. Why doesn’t he/she ask the question about himself, about his lessons. To each student, their ability to take lessons is very different so with a lesson, just some student feel interested. In his essay, Edmundson claim that most student today consume their education than interact with it. He says he wanted his student connect with him, but it doesn’t mean they have to like or dislike him. He says that â€Å" I don’t teach to amuse, to divert, or even, for that matter, to be merely interesting. He also says â€Å" I think many of my student have imbibed their sense of self from consumer culture and in general from the tube in particular†. That not only shows his lack of native passion of a teacher but also that he become accept education’s business. Next, when he assume that teacher do anything to make them satisfied, interested, I wonder just only students feel that. That time, did teachers feel satisfied? The answer is, of course, YES. Both teachers and students feel comfortable and facile. So why don’t make lesson colorful, instead, boring and not effective. Each teacher has different ways of teaching to help students understand lessons. One of them is that make it interesting. That means both create interesting atmosphere and help student easy to understand. Students are young people, no experience; they just learn what they care. If schooling is bored, they can’t both study and find the right way to go in the future. But if the school is an interesting thing that they take everyday, they feel life to open, to explore and persue. The second view is clearly better that the first and why does he consider all such lesson as product standard for consumer students. The last thing I wonder is the reason why education is changing. Nowadays, society is developing with high technology and opening economy. Society requires people that are excellent or really good. How does society realize such people? In general, it is evaluated based on the point of student at school. So, that students are always care about their point because they are worried about their future is grossly. Moreover, education system always evaluate their performance and achievement. Because of that, they always worry that they can lose, they can in the bottom at school and hope they are in the top. Some can make effort to reach it, but not all is the same. To some student, it is motive power to be better themselves but to the rest, it is pressure make them in stress. Besides, not all teachers is good. Some requires presents and they â€Å"sell the mark†. To students, this is a good way to improve their mark not trying to study. That is small gap in education system. In the end, Edmundson’s article is not researched and have a few logical fallacies but warn us the status of education as product. Although there are something I disagree with him, evidence of his argument is not denied; it is difficult for anyone to argue that consumerism has not poured in the university to some degree. [That is my personal point of view. Maybe it is not right absolutely. ]